Bronnen

Twaalf onderzoeken

Van de eerste tot de laatste bladzijde gelezen, zodat je niet alleen de conclusie ziet, maar ook hoe stevig ze onderbouwd is.

Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., Andjelovic, T., & Paulhus, D. L. (2019). Internet trolling and everyday sadism: parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 328-340. doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12393
Sest, N., & March, E. (2017). Constructing the cyber-troll: psychopathy, sadism, and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 69-72. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.038
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321-326. doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
Bor, A., & Petersen, M. B. (2022). The psychology of online political hostility. American Political Science Review, 116(1), 1-18. doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000885
Mamakos, M., & Finkel, E. J. (2023). The social media discourse of engaged partisans is toxic even when politics are irrelevant. PNAS Nexus, 2(10), pgad325. doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad325
Petersen, M. B., Osmundsen, M., & Arceneaux, K. (2023). The Need for Chaos and motivations to share hostile political rumors. American Political Science Review, 117(4), 1486-1505. doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422001447
Cheng, J., Bernstein, M., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Leskovec, J. (2017). Anyone can become a troll: causes of trolling behavior in online discussions. Proceedings of CSCW 2017, 1217-1230. doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998213
Brady, W. J., McLoughlin, K., Doan, T. N., & Crockett, M. J. (2021). How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks. Science Advances, 7(33), eabe5641. doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5641
Rathje, S., Van Bavel, J. J., & van der Linden, S. (2021). Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media. PNAS, 118(26), e2024292118. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024292118
Crockett, M. J. (2017). Moral outrage in the digital age. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 769-771. doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0213-3
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence: a theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43-51. doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x

Actualiteit en cijfers: KIJK en Markteffect (2024), ScienceGuide (2021), NOS (2026), EenVandaag (2021), Omroep Brabant (2026).

Onderzoek bij De spiraal van stilte

De onderzoeken achter het artikel De spiraal van stilte, over intimidatie van wetenschappers, zelfcensuur en het chilling effect.

Nogrady, B. (2021). 'I hope you die': how the COVID pandemic unleashed attacks on scientists. Nature, 598(7880), 250-253. doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02741-x
Nölleke, D., Leonhardt, B. M., & Hanusch, F. (2023). "The chilling effect": Medical scientists' responses to audience feedback on their media appearances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Understanding of Science, 32(5), 546-560. doi.org/10.1177/09636625221146749
Marcinkowski, F., de Haas, H., & Kohler, S. (2025). Flight or fight? How the coronavirus pandemic has affected scientists' willingness to engage with the public. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, 814. doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05023-3
Celuch, M., Oksa, R., Ellonen, N., & Oksanen, A. (2024). Self-censorship among online harassment targets: the role of support at work, harassment characteristics, and the target's public visibility. Information, Communication & Society, 27(11), 2171-2190. doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2289978
Royan, R., Pendergrast, T. R., Woitowich, N. C., et al. (2023). Physician and Biomedical Scientist Harassment on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 6(6), e2318315. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.18315
Global Witness (2023). Global Hating: How online abuse of climate scientists harms climate action. globalwitness.org/.../global-hating
Vidal Valero, M. (2023). Death threats and sexist attacks: climate scientists detail abuse. Nature, 616, 421.
Eizmendi-Iraola, M., & Peña-Fernández, S. (2026). From visibility to vulnerability: how women scientists face gendered hostility in science communication. Journal of Science Communication, 25(4), C07. jcom.sissa.it/.../JCOM_2504_2026_C07
Egelhofer, J. L., Seeger, C., & Binder, A. (2024). The effects of witnessing harassment of scientists on public perceptions of science. Journal of Science Communication, 23(9), A01. doi.org/10.22323/2.23090201
Gligorić, V., Reinhardt, C., Nieuwenhuijzen, E., et al. (2025). The role of worldviews, radicalization risk factors, and personality in harassment of scientists. Scientific Reports, 15, 1261. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85208-7
Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2024). Understanding the Phases and Themes of Coordinated Online Aggression Attacks (hoofdstuk 11). doi.org/10.4324/9781003472148-11
Jain, S. (2025). When the Messengers Are Targeted: Protecting Physicians and Scientists in an Era of Public Distrust. Missouri Medicine, 122(6), 446.
Finnegan, P., Murphy, M., & O'Connor, C. (2023). #corticophobia: a review on online misinformation related to topical steroids. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 48(2), 112-115. doi.org/10.1093/ced/llac019
Marcon, A., Zenone, M., Boniface, V., et al. (2026). Sunscreen is overwhelmingly promoted on TikTok, but content with misinformation exhibits proportionally high levels of audience interaction. PLOS Digital Health, 5(6), e0001440.
Trepanowski, N., & Grant-Kels, J. M. (2023). Social media dermatologic advice: dermatology without dermatologists. JAAD International, 12, 101-102. doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2023.05.004
Fuller, J., Murphy, M., & O'Connor, C. (2023). Red-faced lies: a qualitative analysis of online misinformation and conspiracy theories in rosacea. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 48(12), 1361-1363. doi.org/10.1093/ced/llad307
Reviewing the Evidence Base for Topical Steroid Withdrawal Syndrome (2024). An Evidence Gap Map. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e57687. jmir.org/2024/1/e57687

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Ik word regelmatig gevraagd als inhoudelijk expert, niet voor snelle meningen maar voor duiding in context. Een selectie van landelijke media waaraan ik bijdroeg.

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